Let
be the positive root of the equation
. For natural numbers
and
define
Prove that for all natural numbers
,
, and
,
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Let $\alpha$ be the positive root of the equation $x^{2} = 1991x + 1$. For natural numbers $m$ and $n$ define
$$m*n = mn + \lfloor\alpha m \rfloor \lfloor \alpha n\rfloor.$$
Prove that for all natural numbers $p$, $q$, and $r$,
$$(p*q)*r = p*(q*r).$$