Školjka

%V0 Does there exist functions $f,g: \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ such that $f(g(x)) = x^2$ and $g(f(x)) = x^k$ for all real numbers $x$ a) if $k = 3$? b) if $k = 4$?

%V0 Let $x_1$, $x_2$, $\ldots$, $x_n$ be real numbers satisfying the conditions: $ |x_1 + x_2 + \dots + x_n| = 1 $ and $|x_i| \leq \frac{n+1}{2}$, for $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$ Show that there exists a permutation $y_1$, $y_2$, $\ldots$, $y_n$ of $x_1$, $x_2$, $\ldots$, $x_n$ such that $$| y_1 + 2 y_2 + \cdots + n y_n | \leq \frac {n + 1}{2}.$$

%V0 Let $ABC$ be a triangle. $D$ is a point on the side $(BC)$. The line $AD$ meets the circumcircle again at $X$. $P$ is the foot of the perpendicular from $X$ to $AB$, and $Q$ is the foot of the perpendicular from $X$ to $AC$. Show that the line $PQ$ is a tangent to the circle on diameter $XD$ if and only if $AB = AC$.

%V0 The altitudes through the vertices $A,B,C$ of an acute-angled triangle $ABC$ meet the opposite sides at $D,E, F,$ respectively. The line through $D$ parallel to $EF$ meets the lines $AC$ and $AB$ at $Q$ and $R,$ respectively. The line $EF$ meets $BC$ at $P.$ Prove that the circumcircle of the triangle $PQR$ passes through the midpoint of $BC.$

%V0 Find all pairs $(a,b)$ of positive integers that satisfy the equation: $a^{b^2} = b^a$.

%V0 In an acute-angled triangle $ABC,$ let $AD,BE$ be altitudes and $AP,BQ$ internal bisectors. Denote by $I$ and $O$ the incenter and the circumcentre of the triangle, respectively. Prove that the points $D, E,$ and $I$ are collinear if and only if the points $P, Q,$ and $O$ are collinear.