Školjka

%V0 Let $a,b,c$ be real numbers. Consider the quadratic equation in $\cos{x}$ $$a \cos^2{x}+b \cos{x}+c=0.$$ Using the numbers $a,b,c$ form a quadratic equation in $\cos{2x}$ whose roots are the same as those of the original equation. Compare the equation in $\cos{x}$ and $\cos{2x}$ for $a=4$, $b=2$, $c=-1$.

%V0 Prove that we can find an infinite set of positive integers of the from $2^n-3$ (where $n$ is a positive integer) every pair of which are relatively prime.

%V0 Let $p_n(k)$ be the number of permutations of the set $\{1,2,3,\ldots,n\}$ which have exactly $k$ fixed points. Prove that $\sum_{k=0}^nk p_n(k)=n!$.(IMO Problem 1) Original formulation Let $S$ be a set of $n$ elements. We denote the number of all permutations of $S$ that have exactly $k$ fixed points by $p_n(k).$ Prove: (a) $\sum_{k=0}^{n} kp_n(k)=n! \ ;$ (b) $\sum_{k=0}^{n} (k-1)^2 p_n(k) =n!$ Proposed by Germany, FR

%V0 An $n \times n, n \geq 2$ chessboard is numbered by the numbers $1, 2, \ldots, n^2$ (and every number occurs). Prove that there exist two neighbouring (with common edge) squares such that their numbers differ by at least $n.$

%V0 A permutation $\{x_1, \ldots, x_{2n}\}$ of the set $\{1,2, \ldots, 2n\}$ where $n$ is a positive integer, is said to have property $T$ if $|x_i - x_{i + 1}| = n$ for at least one $i$ in $\{1,2, \ldots, 2n - 1\}.$ Show that, for each $n$, there are more permutations with property $T$ than without.

%V0 Let $x_1$, $x_2$, $\ldots$, $x_n$ be real numbers satisfying the conditions: $ |x_1 + x_2 + \dots + x_n| = 1 $ and $|x_i| \leq \frac{n+1}{2}$, for $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$ Show that there exists a permutation $y_1$, $y_2$, $\ldots$, $y_n$ of $x_1$, $x_2$, $\ldots$, $x_n$ such that $$| y_1 + 2 y_2 + \cdots + n y_n | \leq \frac {n + 1}{2}.$$