Školjka

%V0 A natural number $n$ is said to have the property $P,$ if, for all $a, n^2$ divides $a^n - 1$ whenever $n$ divides $a^n - 1.$ a.) Show that every prime number $n$ has property $P.$ b.) Show that there are infinitely many composite numbers $n$ that possess property $P.$

%V0 Let $a,b,n$ be positive integers, $b > 1$ and $b^n-1|a.$ Show that the representation of the number $a$ in the base $b$ contains at least $n$ digits different from zero.

%V0 Determine the smallest integer $n\geq 4$ for which one can choose four different numbers $a,b,c$ and $d$ from any $n$ distinct integers such that $a+b-c-d$ is divisible by $20$.

%V0 A sequence of integers $a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},\ldots$ is defined as follows: $a_{1} = 1$ and for $n\geq 1$, $a_{n + 1}$ is the smallest integer greater than $a_{n}$ such that $a_{i} + a_{j}\neq 3a_{k}$ for any $i,j$ and $k$ in $\{1,2,3,\ldots ,n + 1\}$, not necessarily distinct. Determine $a_{1998}$.

%V0 A positive integer $N$ is called balanced, if $N=1$ or if $N$ can be written as a product of an even number of not necessarily distinct primes. Given positive integers $a$ and $b$, consider the polynomial $P$ defined by $P\!\left(x\right) = \left(x+a\right)\left(x+b\right)$. a) Prove that there exist distinct positive integers $a$ and $b$ such that all the number $P\!\left(1\right)$, $P\!\left(2\right)$, ..., $P\!\left(50\right)$ are balanced. b) Prove that if $P\!\left(n\right)$ is balanced for all positive integers $n$, then $a=b$. Proposed by Jorge Tipe, Peru

%V0 Niz $\{ a_n \} $ je zadan na ovaj način: $$ a_0=0, \ a_1=1, \ a_n=2a_{n-1}+a_{n-2}, \ n>1.$$ Dokažite da $2^k$ dijeli $a_n$ ako i samo ako $2^k$ dijeli $n$.