Školjka

%V0 Neka je skup prirodnih brojeva podijeljen u intervale na sljedeći način: U prvom intervalu je broj 1, u drugom brojevi 2 i 3, u trećem 4, 5 i 6 i u svakom idućem jedan broj više nego u prethodnom (brojevi u intervalima su uzastopni). Neka je $p_i$ udio prostih brojeva u $i$-tom intervalu. a) Dokaži ili opovrgni: Postoji beskonačno brojeva $k$ za koje je $ p_{k+1} < p_k$. b) Dokaži ili opovrgni: Postoji beskonačno brojeva $k$ za koje je $ p_{k+1} > p_k$.

%V0 Niz $\{ a_n \} $ je zadan na ovaj način: $$ a_0=0, \ a_1=1, \ a_n=2a_{n-1}+a_{n-2}, \ n>1.$$ Dokažite da $2^k$ dijeli $a_n$ ako i samo ako $2^k$ dijeli $n$.

%V0 Find all positive integers $n$ such that there exists a sequence of positive integers $a_1$, $a_2$, ..., $a_n$ satisfying $$a_{k+1}=\frac{a_k^2+1}{a_{k-1}+1}-1$$ for every $k$ with $2 \leqslant k \leqslant n-1$. Proposed by North Korea

%V0 Let $a_0$, $a_1$, $a_2$, $\ldots$ be a sequence of positive integers such that the greatest common divisor of any two consecutive terms is greater than the preceding term; in symbols, $\gcd (a_i, a_{i + 1}) > a_{i - 1}$. Prove that $a_n\ge 2^n$ for all $n\ge 0$. Proposed by Morteza Saghafian, Iran

%V0 We define a sequence $\left(a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},...\right)$ by setting $$a_{n} = \frac {1}{n}\left(\left[\frac {n}{1}\right] + \left[\frac {n}{2}\right] + \cdots + \left[\frac {n}{n}\right]\right)$$ for every positive integer $n$. Hereby, for every real $x$, we denote by $\left[x\right]$ the integral part of $x$ (this is the greatest integer which is $\leq x$). a) Prove that there is an infinite number of positive integers $n$ such that $a_{n + 1} > a_{n}$. b) Prove that there is an infinite number of positive integers $n$ such that $a_{n + 1} < a_{n}$.

%V0 Let $b$ be an integer greater than $5$. For each positive integer $n$, consider the number $$x_n = \underbrace{11\cdots1}_{n - 1}\underbrace{22\cdots2}_{n}5,$$ written in base $b$. Prove that the following condition holds if and only if $b = 10$: there exists a positive integer $M$ such that for any integer $n$ greater than $M$, the number $x_n$ is a perfect square.