Školjka

%V0 Determine all functions $f$ from the set of positive integers to the set of positive integers such that, for all positive integers $a$ and $b$, there exists a non-degenerate triangle with sides of lengths $$a, f(b) \text{ and } f(b + f(a) - 1).$$ (A triangle is non-degenerate if its vertices are not collinear.) Proposed by Bruno Le Floch, France

%V0 Suppose that $s_1,s_2,s_3, \ldots$ is a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers such that the sub-sequences $s_{s_1},s_{s_2},s_{s_3},\ldots$ and $s_{s_1 + 1},s_{s_2 + 1},s_{s_3 + 1},\ldots$ are both arithmetic progressions. Prove that the sequence $s_1,s_2,s_3, \ldots$ is itself an arithmetic progression. Proposed by Gabriel Carroll, USA

%V0 Let $a_1, a_2, \ldots , a_n$ be distinct positive integers and let $M$ be a set of $n - 1$ positive integers not containing $s = a_1 + a_2 + \ldots + a_n.$ A grasshopper is to jump along the real axis, starting at the point $0$ and making $n$ jumps to the right with lengths $a_1, a_2, \ldots , a_n$ in some order. Prove that the order can be chosen in such a way that the grasshopper never lands on any point in $M.$ Proposed by Dmitry Khramtsov, Russia

%V0 Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $AB = AC$ . The angle bisectors of $\angle C AB$ and $\angle AB C$ meet the sides $B C$ and $C A$ at $D$ and $E$ , respectively. Let $K$ be the incentre of triangle $ADC$. Suppose that $\angle B E K = 45^\circ$ . Find all possible values of $\angle C AB$ . Jan Vonk, Belgium, Peter Vandendriessche, Belgium and Hojoo Lee, Korea

%V0 Let $ABC$ be a triangle with circumcentre $O$. The points $P$ and $Q$ are interior points of the sides $CA$ and $AB$ respectively. Let $K,L$ and $M$ be the midpoints of the segments $BP,CQ$ and $PQ$. respectively, and let $\Gamma$ be the circle passing through $K,L$ and $M$. Suppose that the line $PQ$ is tangent to the circle $\Gamma$. Prove that $OP = OQ.$ Proposed by Sergei Berlov, Russia

%V0 Let $n$ be a positive integer and let $a_1$, $a_2$, $a_3$, ..., $a_k$ ($k \geqslant 2$) be distinct integers in the set $\left\{1,\,2,\,\ldots,\,n\right\}$ such that $n$ divides $a_i \left(a_{i + 1} - 1\right)$ for $i = 1,\,2,\,\ldots,\,k - 1$. Prove that $n$ does not divide $a_k \left(a_1 - 1\right)$. Proposed by Ross Atkins, Australia